ASNEF
Spain's best-known private delinquent-debtor file, operated by Equifax.
ASNEF (Asociación Nacional de Establecimientos Financieros de Crédito) is the popular name for Spain's largest private register of unpaid consumer debt, technically the "Fichero ASNEF-Equifax." Creditors — banks, telecoms, utilities, retailers — report undisputed, overdue debts above a legal minimum threshold.
Being listed makes bank lending difficult but does not automatically block Spain's microcrédito (fast-loan) sector, where many licensed lenders explicitly serve ASNEF-listed applicants for small amounts. Listings must be accurate and time-limited under Spanish data-protection law, and are typically removed once the underlying debt is paid.